In Ethiopia, there are more than one hundred forty rock hewn churches. Almost all rock cut rnchurches have similar conservation problems. They all are deteriorating due to lack of regular care, rnmaintenance and conservation. Abreha and Atsbeha is one of the rock hewn churches in Ethiopia, rnwhich is believed to be constructed in the fourth century AD-. It is a beautifully carved rock cut rnchurch that is found in Tigray Regional State in the northern part of Ethiopia. It is situated not far rnfrom Wukro town at the foot of the hill facing towards the Hawzen plain. The church stands out rnon three sides free from the parent rock from which it was carved and it is often described as arnsemi-monolithic rock cut church. The white double- arched portico at the front is a later rnconstruction covered with corrugated iron sheet. The exquisitely carved, decorated and paintedrnrock cut architecture of Abreha and Atsbeha demonstrate the skills and knowledge of the rnEthiopians in the past.rnNevertheless, this historical rock-cut church is subject to natural and man-made threats; Structural rndefects; (vertical, horizontal and diagonal cracks,) black crusts, rock detachment, rock fracture, rnrock erosion, paint loss and fading deteriorations, as well as rain, wind, incense smoke,rncongregation activities, dusts, termite damage, improper installation of electric wires and curtains, rnvegetation invasion, absence of management plan and poor conservation practices are the major rndeteriorating factors of the rock hewn church and its wall paintings identified during the study.rnThe research has identified and documented the structural and architectural parts of the rock hewnrnstructure, including the mural and the cotton cloth wall paintings. The study also identified and rnanalyzed the deterioration phenomena affecting the rock hewn church and its wall paintings as rnwell as the conservation status of the rock-hewn church. The study draws on international and rnnational conservation guidelines for monuments and wall painting, painting analyses, and graphic rndocumentation. The results of the study are intended to be used for assessing the condition of both rnlocal and regional historical rock cut architecture and wall paintings.