The soap that is used for the analysis is Lux. The analytical tests carried out on the soap are moisture content and free caustic alkali. For the determination of the moisture content, the materials and reagent that was used are:

i. The Porcelain dish

ii. Glass rod and

iii. Hot air oven

The reagents are:

i. The petroleum spirit and

ii. Sodium acetate

For the determination of the free caustic alkali, the material and reagent that was used are:

a) Beaker

b) Clamand Stand conical flask

c) Pipette Separating funnel

d) 95% ethanol

e) Ph enophthalein indicator

f) Barium chloride and

g) Hydrochloric acid

After the analysis, it was observed that the percentage of water content was 20%, while the free caustic alkali was 0 – 05%. Also after the analysis, it was found that soap that contains high caustic alkali will cause rashes and irritation of the skin. And the one that contain high moisture will now shrink and will not fume well. The soap (Lux) Analysed will be used for washing and general removal of dirty. It will also enhance removal of dirty. It also reduces the surface tension, and serves to remove odour and greasy surfaces.

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

1.3 HYPOTHESIS

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

1.5 LIMITATIONS

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLES RELATED TO THE PROJECT

2.2 CLEANING ACTION OF SOAPS

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 REAGENT AND MATERIALS

2.1 EQUIPMENT AND METHODS

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The analysis of soaps has become necessary by the desire to rationalize test procedures and thereby adequately provide, for the requirement contained in soap to make it work effectively.

Soaps are the sodium or potassium salt of long chain, fatty acids and are produced by saponification of fats and oils with alkalis e.g. potassium hydroxide.

Lux soap, which is used for bathing and laundry, for it to be satisfactory for consumpti0on, shall be free from objectionable odour both as received and in water solution; it should not contain/have any active chlorine or oxygen. It should not have any active that shall not contain any visible foreign matter posses good. Lathering and cleansing properties and should have no injurious effect on the skin. Also it should contain low water content, no impurities, and very small excess alkali.

It is made by the action of a hot caustic solution on tallow or fatty oils, with the simultaneous formation of glycerol, which at one time, was wasted or left in the soap, as it is still certain, glycerol is a valuable by product. The reaction is as follows:

3NaOH + (C₁₇ H₃₅ COO)₃C₃H₅ 3 C₁₇ H₃₅ COONa +