Assessment Of Postoperative Analgesic Effectiveness Of Caudal Tramadol Added To Bupivacaine For Pediatric Elective Infra Umbilical Surgery.

Background: Caudal epidural analgesia is one of the most popular and commonly performedrnregional blocks in pediatric anesthesia. It is a reliable and safe technique that can be used withrngeneral anesthesia for intra- and postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing lower abdominalrnand lower limb surgery. Various adjutants are being used to improve the quality and duration ofrncaudal analgesia. Addition of Tramadol to local anesthetics has been noted to prolong thernduration of analgesia after surgery.rnObjective: To assess the effectiveness of adding 1mg/kg caudal tramadol to bupivacaine forrnpost-operative analgesia in pediatric patients during elective infra umbilical surgery at TikurrnAnbesa specialized hospital from February–May, 2019 G.C.rnMethod: Hospital based prospective cohort study design was employed. Comparison of twornmean with equal sample size formula for two independent cohort was used to get sample size ofrn56 children’s whose age is 1-14 years’ old that undergone elective Infraumbilical surgeryrnreceived caudal block with bupivacaine alone or with tramadol added. A systemic randomrnsampling technique was used to select study participants. Postoperatively severity of pain eitherrnby FLACC/NRS, time toanalgesic request and analgesic consumption were evaluated up to 24rnhours after operation. Based on normality assumption, analysis was done by independent samplernt test, Mann–Whitney U-test and χ2 test as appropriate. Value p

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