The main objective of this study was to identify factors affecting academic achievement of female students in east wollega primary school. More specifically it was attempted to examine factors that affect the academic achievement of female students; To find out the role of school environment that affects the academic achievement of female students; To identify the home related factors affect the academic achievement of female students. To identify the way female students perceive themselves to be competent in academic achievement. The method was informed by mixed method design. It used qualitative and quantitative method of data collection. The data gathering instruments were: questionnaire, interview, observation and document analysis. The questionnaire was distributed to 115 female students of primary school chosen through stratified sampling. It was also administered to 10 teachers. On the other hand interview was conducted to with 7 education experts selected by simple random; 4 principals and 5 students were selected purposely interviewed. The data gathered through different tools were analyzed using different methods based on the specific nature of the data. Quantitative data were also used descriptive statistics percentage, means and standard devotion. The qualitative were used using narrative description; sometimes using the actual words of respondents at times paraphrasing their respondents; document analysis and observation were directly activated with the concern. Among other things the study revealed that common problems that female students encounter are: coming from economically very poor family, assisting their family child labors, lack of sufficient time for studying absence of special support from schools to do well in their studies. All the same it was found that there were factors which affect academic achievements of female students such studentsâ€™ family occupation; female students related factors institutional related factors; instructors related factors parents related factors were affected female students achievements. The overall recommendation of the study was to improve the female students; mobilizing the stakeholders for low economic family ;facilitating the school for school factors ;giving awareness to motivate female students related problems and to bring the desired out comes in this regard; in addition the school and the education office should co-operatively react in the issue creating attractive atmosphere ,reward program, providing progressive gender focused tutorial program, mobilizing different investors and NGOâ€™S for female from poor family.