The vegetation of Gambella Peoples Regional State of Ethiopia is under severe threats of degradation. Thus, there is a need for urgent measures to abate the situation. One of the possibilities for the dryland vegetation conservation of Gambella in this regard is the production and conservation of gum arabic from A. seyal species, which is one of the conspicuous elements in the vegetation of the area. Despite the natural occurrence of A. seyal in the woodland, a little study has assessed the population of the species in terms of density, abundance, frequency and dominance on the one hand and its gum quality for commerce on the other hand. The objectives of this study were, therefore, to investigate the population status and gum quality of Acacia seyal. The study was based on a systematic sampling technique. In each plot, identity of woody species encountered was recorded; Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) and height measurements were done. The status of populations of A. seyal and associated species were examined by estimating dominance, density, abundance, frequency, importance value index and population structure in the three different land cover/land use categories common in the region that represented different degree of human interferences. These are intact, open grazing and farmland. The physicochemical analysis of the gum arabic: moisture, ash, viscosity, pH, specific rotation, N content, tannin and cation metals were determined using standard laboratory procedures. The results show that the density, abundance and importance value index for A. seyal is high in all of the land cover/land use categories except in the open grazing where Sterculia setigera predominate. Frequency of A. seyal is the highest on the intact and farmland and the lowest at open grazing. In terms of dominance, A. seyal is the first in the intact, the second in the open grazing and third at farmland. The population structure of A. seyalshows large population in the lower size classes; however, very few individuals in the higher size classes. A. seyal trees in the area yield: moisture content 11.7%, ash content 2.00%, viscosity (centipoises) 10glâ€“1 of 0.9044, pH on 25% solution of 4.54, gel not detected, specific rotation +52.1, nitrogen content 0.149%, protein content 0.91%, and 0.43% of tannin content. Mineral contents of the gum arabic (g/100g) are Ca 0.71, Mg 0.201, Na 281.11, K 3011.11, Fe 456.26, P 512.77and trace for Cu 4.16, Zn 56, Mn 24.42 and Pb, Co, Ni, Cd and Cr were not detected. The physicochemical characteristics of the gum arabic are similar with qualities reported from major producer and exporter countries such as Sudan and fitted well to international standards in all aspects. Indeed, it is recommended that it is possible to exploit the resource for commercial purpose.