Climate variability and extremes adversely affect the livestock sector directly and indirectly byrnaggravating the prevalence of livestock diseases, distorting production system and the sectorrnprofitability. This paper aims to describe the effect of climate variability and extremes on livestockrnproduction and investigate the basic factors that affect the choice of climate variability adaptationrnstrategies of pastoralists in Borena zone southern Ethiopia.rnData were collected through a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods usingrnhousehold questionnaire, focus group discussions and key informant interviews. Areal grid dikadalrnrainfall and temperatures data from 1981 to 2016 were collected from national meteorologicalrnagency. The quantitative and qualitative data were analyzed and interpreted using appropriaternanalytical tools and procedures.rnThe result revealed that the the presence of very high differences of annual and seasonal rainfallrnamount between the highest and lowest volume of rainfall across the years, high variability ofrnannual and seasonal rainfall and the unpredictable starting and stopping time of rainfall couldrncreate favorable environment for livestock diseases and adversely affect the livestock system.rnMajority of the pastoralists have been highly encountered the intensity of climate related problemrnlike water quality and availability, shortage of grazing land, high risk of livestock diseases. Somernof the sample respondents in the study area have not taken the appropriate adaptation measures tornclimate variability due to different constraint. These includes: lack of knowledge, lack of capital,rnlack of credit access, lack of information and unobserved climatic related problems are the majorrnones. Besides this, lacks of support from the governmental and non-governmental bodies as wellrnas not giving emphasis by the pastoralists and agro-pastoralists themselves are also among thernbarriers to climate variability adaptation in the study area.