Soil and water conservation activities are widely practiced in all rural kebele of Raya Azebo woreda.rnHowever, little is known about the effectiveness of these practices in Raya Azebo woreda. The mainrnpurpose of this study was to assess the challenge and effectiveness of soil and water conservation in RayarnAzebo woreda of Tigray. To realize this purpose for the research questions regarding the extent ofrnimplementation of the SWC practices, to document the most widely used SWC technologies to put in tornpractices, the effectiveness of the conservation measures in the agricultural activity of the farmers, thernchallenges and limitations and strength of the conservation technologies were asked. To address thesernquestions descriptive survey method was employed. Accordingly, three rural kebele were selected usingrnpurposive sampling techniques, while 120 household head farmers selected by randomly samplingrntechniques, three DAs and one SWC experts and three community leaders were selected by availablernsampling to interview. And 15 farmers and three elders were selected randomly to employ focus grouprndiscussion and interview. To collect primary data, questionnaire with close-ended and few open-endedrnquestions and interview were employed. The questionnaire was used to collect data from farmers, DAsrnand SWC experts. The informal interview, field observation and focus group discussion were conductedrnto cross check the information obtained through questionnaires. The data obtained quantitative were firstrnedited, organized and tabulated and then analyzed using frequency counts and percentage. Thernqualitative data were first organized in to meaning full information and data were described both asrnexpressed in the interviewees and as understood by the researcher. The result of the data analysis andrninterpretation indicated that the most widely SWC measures are soil bund, diversion ditch contourrnploughing, grass, live fence (cactus) and other indigenous vegetation. Beside, result of the study showsrnthat lack of commitment or motivation, lack of reliable support, lack of follow up, lack of knowledge andrnlack of experience of DAs and SWC experts on how to implement the soil water conservation measuresrnare the major technical related factors which affect the implementation of SWC practices. Likewise,rnscarcity of facility and material to effectively implement the conservation technology, high laborrnrequirement, more time consuming and lack of finance to construct the technology are also the other major socio-economic problems that significantly affect the soil and water conservation practices. All these are factors have their own impact on the implementation of the practices and therefore it would be difficult to achieve the expected out comes from the practices at the end. Finally, to alleviate this problem creating training, follow up, organizational support and creating awareness on the issue were suggested