Heat Transfer Analysis During The Process Of Injera Baking By Finite Element Method

The main objective of this study was the modeling and simulation of the heat transfer during thernprocess of injera baking. In doing these, mathematical models and finite element formulations forrnbaking pan and injera during baking was developed. In this study, thermo physical properties ofrninjera were studied analytically and were used for the temperature profile prediction using thernnumerical model. The main properties of interest were specific heat capacity, thermalrnconductivity, and density.rnThe mathematical model of injera during baking employs the coupled partial differentialrnequations proposed by Luikov. Resulting system of non linear partial differential equations inrntime and two space dimensions were reduced to algebraic system by applying the finite elementrnnumerical method. The fundamental two-dimensional axisymmetric transient finite elementrnmodel with triangular elements to predict the heat transfer for the baking pan and heat and massrntransfer that occur during baking of injera was solved using the Finite Element Method byrnMATLAB. The backward difference time stepping technique was used for the transient analysis.rnThe simulation was done in terms of temperature profile during heat up, and cyclic injera baking.rnSimulation was carried out for four different input heated oil temperatures (250, 275, 300, andrn325° ) and for four different electric power sources (1.867, 2.2, 2.5, and 3 ). Two types ofrnbaking pans (clay and ceramic) with different thicknesses were investigated. Experiments onrnconventional clay baking pan were conducted to measure heat up time, and mass balance of batterrnand injera. The heat up time obtained from simulation was compared with experimental test; fromrnthe comparison a relatively good agreement was obtained.rnThe energy utilization and efficiency of electric baking pans were determined based on thernamount of energy baking pans use in a baking session for a given power input. A relatively betterrnefficiency was obtained for 10 thick clay and 8 thick ceramic baking pans with a powerrnsource of 2.5 . While the 10 pan was not practically realized, the 8 ceramic panrnmanufactured by Tabor ceramic factory is currently under study.rnKey Words: Finite element method, Injera, Heat and Mass Transfer, Simulation, Efficiency.

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