Constructoin Of An Open Steam Distillatoin Column

CONSTRUCTOIN OF AN OPEN STEAM DISTILLATOIN COLUMN

ABSTRACT

          We constructed an open steam distillation column with the following specifications:-

FOR THE COLUMN

Height of column   =       500mm

Length of pot                  =       50mm

Diameter of pot               =       5mm

FOR THE STILL

Port of thickness   =       500mm

Length of pot                  =       300mm

Diameter of pot               =       100mm

FOR THE CONDESER

Condenser thickness                 =       2mm

Diameter of the connecting        =       20mm

Pipe                                                   =      

Length of pot                                     =       200mm

Diameter of pot                                  =       2mm

          Generally, the material used in the construction (open steam distillation column) was mild steel sheet and galvanized sheet.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page

Letter of transmittal

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0             INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER TWO

2.0     literature review

2.1             Distillation processes

2.1.1       Binary distillation

2.1.2       Multi component distillation

2.2             Distillation unit

2.2.1       The batch distillation unit

2.2.2       Simple batch distillation unit

2.2.3       Batch distillation unit with pacification

2.2.4       Continuous distillation unit

CHAPTER THREE

3.1             Properties and selection of material for construction

3.2             Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties

3.1.2       Corrosion and erfosion resistance

3.1.3      Economic consideration (cost)

3.1.4      Contamination

3.1.5      Selection of materials

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1             Fabrication procedure

4.2             Marking out

4.2.1      The column

4.2.2       The condenser

4.2.3       The boiler

4.2.4        The stand

4.2.5       The connection pipes

4.3             Diagrams

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION

CHAPTER SIX

Conclusion/recommendations

References

Appendices/costing

Tables

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

          Distillation is a separating technique in which two liquids are separated at essentially the same temperature and pressure.  It is also the term used to describe the operation where the vaporization of a liquid mixture yields a vapor phase containing more than one constituents and it is desired to recover one or more of this constituents in a nearly pure state.

          It would probably be beneficial to define the terms that describe the process and related properties.  Let us begin by describing the process by which a substance transformed from the condensed phase to the gas phase.  For liquid, this process is called VAPORIZATION and for a solid it is called SUBMIATIN, both processes requires heat.  All substances regardless whether they are liquids or solids are characterized by a vapor pressure.  The vapor pressure of a pure substance is the pressure exerted by the substance against the external pressure which is usually  atmospheric pressure.  Vapor pressure is a measure of the tendency to escape.  When the vapor pressure of a liquid substance reaches the external pressure the substance is observed to Boil.  If the external pressure is atmospheric pressure, the temperature at which a pure substance boils is called the NORMAL BOILING POINT.  Solid substances are not characterized by a similar phenomena called BOILING.  They simply vaporize directly into the atmosphere.

          Generally speaking, distillation, stripping, absorption, humidification are industrial stage wise operations which involves the contact of two phases in various apparatus.  Completion of separation depends upon certain properties of components involved and the arrangement of the distillation process.

The properties involved are:

-                     Mode of temperature and process control

-                     The relative volatility between the liquid and vapor phases

-                     The production capacity of the distiller

-                     The type of distillation involved

However, the importance of distillation in commercial process is the purification of a large variety of material and petroleum industries.  It is applied in the production of hot drinks in chemical industries.  Also, applied in oil companies for the separation of petroleum into its various components e.g kerosene, diesel, gasoline, petrol, fuel, oil, lubricating oil, paraffin wax, aliphatic etc.  Lastly, it is equally applied in pharmaceutical industries for the production of ethylated spirits and many other medical strubs.

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