Effects Of Inorganic Fertilizers And Brassica Species Leaf Extract And Green Manure In Controlling Enset Bacterial Wilt In Gurage And Silte Zones Ethiopia
Plant Biology And Biodiversity Management Project Topics
Enset (Ensete ventricosum) is one of the most important multipurpose crops grown inrnEthiopia that is a staple food for approximately 20 million people in the country. Thernproduction and sustainability of enset agriculture is, however, threatened mainly byrnbacterial wilt of enset, which is caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearumrn(Xcm). This study was conducted in Gurage and Silte zones of Ethiopia with the objectivernof exploring the effects of inorganic fertilizers and Brassica species leaf extract and greenrnmanure in controlling enset bacterial wilt. The study began with an assessment of thernprevalence and incidence of Xcm in relation to altitude i.e. low, mid and high altitudes.rnThe assessments were done by random sampling of 60 farms. Qualitative analysis of leafrnextracts was carried out using standard methods. The role of different levels of NPKrnfertilizers to control Xcm in tolerant (Yeshrakinkye) and susceptible (Ameratye) ensetrnclones were evaluated under field condition. Again, the effects of selected Brassica speciesrnas a green manure and Brassica carinata seed extract residue on growth, physiology ofrnenset clones and their effect on the incidence and severity of Xcm were evaluated underrnfield condition. Field experiments were laid in Randomized Complete Block Design withrnthree replications. Standard procedures were used to collect data for all studies. The datarnivrnwere analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS and Microsoft Excelrnsoftware. The result showed that mid altitude had the highest disease prevalence (DP) inrn2014 (55%) and 2015 (43.8%), the highest disese incidence (DI) in 2014 (12.2%) and inrn2015 (8.2%) compared to low and high altitude sites. This indicated that there werernaltitudinal based variations on enset bacterial wilt DP and DI in the study areas.rnThe extracts of Brassica oleracea var capitata and Brassica oleracea var acepala createdrnthe widest bacterial growth inhibition zone at (400 and 200 mg/mL) compared to otherrnconcentrations. This suggests that Brassica oleracea var capitata and Brassica oleracearnvar acepala controls the growth and development of Xcm. Qualitative phytochemicalrnscreening results revealed that the chemical constituents of extracts vary between Brassicarnspecies. The highest total phenolic content was recorded from Brassica carinata seedrnextracts residue, Brassica oleracea var capitata (Cabbage) and Brassica oleracea varrnacepala (Tekur Gomen).rnThe result of field experiment showed that inorganic fertilizers treatments with N1/2P1/2K1/2,rnNPK and N3/2P3/2K3/2 significantly (p0.05) all growth parameters compared tornpositive controls. Similarly, compared to the positive control application of these Brassicarnplants as green manure and Brassica carinata seed extract residue didn’t bring significantrndifference (P < 0.05) on all physiological parameters except for assimilation rate and onrnfunctional parameters of photosynthetic apparatus (chlorophyll content). However,rncompared to the positive control, G1, G2 and G3 decreased the DI of tolerant enset clonesrnby 19.4%, 23.3% and 23.1%, respectively. In the same way, application of G1, G2 and G3rntreatments decreased the DI of susceptible enset clones by 6.7 %, 12.3 %, and 4.6%,rnrespectively. DS of tolerant enset clone with G1, G2 and G3 decreased by 5.3 %, 7.8% andrn11.4%, respectively as compared to positive control. Similarly, application of G1, G2 andrnG3 treatments decreased the DS of susceptible enset clones by 11.4 %, 8.6 %, and 10 %,rnrespectively. The lowest AUDPC value (976.5) was recorded on tolerant enset clonerntreated with G3 while the highest AUDPC value (1828.9) was recorded in susceptible clone.rnIn general, the results of the present study showed use of recommended levels of NPK andrnN3/2P3/2K3/2 amount improved the growth performance of enset and reduce the effect ofrnvirnbacterial wilt on enset clones. Moreover, use of Brassica oleracea var capitata andrnBrassica oleracea var acepala as green manure and Brassica carinata seed extract residuernwere effective to control enset bacterial wilt. From these results, it can be recommendedrnthat combined NPK fertilizer and brassica plants green manuring is crucial to controlrnbacterial wilt of enset.