Rift Valley Fever Disease is a peracute or acute, febrile, mosquito-borne, zoonotic diseaserncharacterized by high rates of abortion and neonatal mortality. It occurs primarily in sheep,rngoats and cattle. It is a zoonotic disease causing an unexpectedly very high numbers of casesrnand deaths. It is caused by Rift Valley Fever Virus of the Bunyaviridae family and genusrnPhlebovirus.rnDue to the epidemics in Saudi Arabia and Yemen, in September, 2000 export trade of livernanimals from east African countries, including Ethiopia, was banned by the Gulf countriesrndue to fear of importing risk of Rift Valley Fever. In some of the countries the disease wasrnidentified but in others like Ethiopia there was no evidence of the disease, except suspicionrnand inability of the country to prepare scientific evidence on the situation of the disease. Inrnresponse to this and to safe guard its population a National surveillance strategy had beenrnlaunched in 2001 and is being implemented, though it hadnâ€™t generated an official report. Thernban affected the country as a whole but there were parts of the community affected more, thernpastoralists and investors in the sector. The pastoralists provide about90% of the exportrnanimals particularly small ruminants. Therefore this survey was proposed in September 2003,rnwith the aim to support the surveillance programme by generating a scientific report from thernpastoral areas through determining the sero-prevalence of RVF in the small ruminants andrndetecting the risk factors associated with.rnAcross-sectional and retrospective survey was conducted on 1176 sheep and goats sera torndetect anti-Rift Valley Fever Virus IgG and IgM antibodies using indirect ELISA. All thernsamples were collected in 1999 and the year 2003/2004 from Afar regional state and Boranarnzone. Of the total 900 sera tested, for cross-sectional survey, 29 (3.22%) were found positivernto IgG antibodies; but 30 samples including the 29 IgG positives, tested for the detection ofrnIgM were with no any positive. Because the serum samples used for the retrospective surveyrnwere tested in the year 2000 with an ELISA kit that have many limitations that resulted inrnhigh false positives; therefore, a retest of 246 sera including 142 previously positives resultedrnin only 32 (22%) positives reducing the previous prevalences of the total sera from 17.9%rn(142/820) to 3. 9% (32/820). The recalculated respective prevalence of Afar and Borana wasrn2.6% (13/500) and 5.9% (19/320). The respective prevalence by the previous kits was 12.8%rnand 24.4%.rnXIrnThe cross-sectional survey prevalence is 3.2%, 4% and 2% for the total sero, Afar region andrnBorana zone, respectively. Prevalence showed increase in Afar while there was a decrease inrnBorana. The risk factors found significantly with sero-positivity were species of animal, livingrnin irrigated land and areas found near permanent water sources and with flooding problems byrnunivariate analysis of risk factors but only animal species, distance from permanent waterrnsources and flooding. The age-specific sero-prevalences analyzed based on positivesrnpredictive value of the test revealed that there was no any indication of viral activites withinrnthe last four years. The geographic distribution of the sero-positives was mapped using arngeoreferenced data and the sero-prevalence data.rnThe predicative value of the test was less than 50%, ranging form 33.4% to 50%, therefore, itrnwill be erroneous to give any conclusion on the situation of the infection or disease in therncountry based on this serology with out any supportive confirmatory diagnosis of the causalrnagent either from vector or vertebrate hostrn.