Studies On The Spatial Ecology Of Malaria And The Impact Of Mass Trapping Of Anopheles Mosquitoes On Malaria Transmission In Southern Ethiopia

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The sustainability of current indoor vector control methods is challenged by the emergencernof insecticide resistance in malaria mosquito populations and the behavioural shift ofrnvectors, resulting in increased outdoor biting activities. As a result, there is a dire need forrnnovel vector control tools, which complement the existing strategies, particularly targetingrnthe outdoor-active mosquitoes. Effective control of mosquitoes outdoors can be achievedrnthrough in-depth understandings of their spatial and behavioural ecology.rnThe effect of landscape elements on the resting site selection of the outdoorrnAnopheles mosquito population was assessed. Fine-scale characterization of landscapernfactors within 10 m radius from resting clay pots was conducted and their association withrnthe number of resting anophelines was determined. Canopy cover, distance from thernnearest focal house, and land cover type significantly influenced the aggregation of restingrnmosquitoes. Canopy cover was the strongest predictor for both the number and presence ofrnAnopheles mosquitoes in the clay pots. Female Anopheles were most frequently foundrnresting in the pots placed within the banana plantations, and at sampling points that werern≥75 m from the focal house.rnTo identify the factors underlying hotspots for higher vector densities and malariarnincidence, and associated landscape features, monthly entomological monitoring, and fourstagernrepeated seasonal malaria prevalence surveys were conducted in two rural villages inrnsouthern Ethiopia. Moreover, characterization of the landscape features in and aroundrnevery household of the study villages was conducted. Spatial analyses using Getis-Ord Gi*rnstatistics were used to identify hotspots for malaria incidence, as well as malaria vectorrndensity and associated sporozoite prevalence. The result from the regression modelsrnrevealed that household occupancy, location and housing conditions were the mainrnivrnpredictors of vector density, entomological inoculation rate, and malaria incidence. Thernspatial analyses revealed that statistically significant hotspots for malaria vector densitiesrnand Plasmodium-infected individuals were identified at village edges.rnThe impact of mass trapping of Anopheles mosquitoes using odour-baited traps wasrnassessed in a controlled before-and-after study design in two rural villages of SouthernrnEthiopia. Baseline monthly entomological and seasonal cross-sectional malaria prevalencernsurveys were conducted in the two villages for a year. Then, mass trapping wasrnimplemented in one of the villages immediately before the beginning of the rainy season,rnwhile the monthly entomological monitoring and the seasonal malaria prevalence surveysrncontinued in both villages for nine months, throughout the long and short rainy seasons.rnThe impact of the mass trapping was then assessed by computing the relative reduction ofrnentomological indices and malaria incidence in the intervention village in a seasonalrncomparison with the control village. The mass trapping resulted in a significant reductionrnin the population of the primary malaria vector in the area, An. arabiensis and thernassociated entomological indices (the human biting-, sporozoite-, and entomologicalrninoculation rates) in the intervention compared to the control village. This resulted in arnrelative reduction of malaria incidence by 61 %, 44 %, and 49 % in the long rain, shortrnrain, and dry seasons, respectively.

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Studies On The Spatial Ecology Of Malaria And The Impact Of Mass Trapping Of Anopheles Mosquitoes On Malaria Transmission In Southern Ethiopia

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