The incidence of the infestation of plasmodium species (P.Falciparum, P. Vivax, P.Ovale, and P. alaria) which causes human malaria in Enugu metropolis was conducted at Parklane Hospital using their patients. Thick and thin, smear of blood were made and examined after proper staining. The staining method which proved effective were the Giemsa and Liesman staining method. It was observed that P.Falciparum was most prevalent of the fair species while P.Ovale has occuarence. The report from P.Malaria and P.Ovale were not significant to be recorded. Prevalent is higher in children than in Adult.

TABLE OF COSNTENTS

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Aim and Objective

1.2 Statement of problem

1.3 Hypothesis

1.4 Justification

1.5 Limitation of the study

1.6 Scope of the study

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review

2.1 The parasite

2.2 Plasmodium species and their distributions

2.3 Clinical features and pathology of the species

2.4 The transmission Dynamics/Life cycle

2.5 Differences in Plasmodium species

CHAPTER THREE

Material and method

3.0 Materials

3.1 Procurement of sample

3.2 Stock solution

3.3 Technique of staining thick films using Giensa stain

3.4 Technique of stain of thin film using Leisman stain

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 Results and data collection

4.1 Results

4.2 Comparism of incidence of malaria

4.3 Data Analysis

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 Discussion, Recommendation and Conclusion

5.1 Discussion

5.2 Recommendation

5.3 References

LIST OF TABLE

Pages

Table 1: Differences in plasmodium species 29

Table 2: Age distribution of target population 35

Table 3: Sex distribution of the incidence of malaria

on the first day 35

Table 4: Comparison of the incidence of malaria by

species of plasmodium 36

Table 5: Sex distribution of the incidence of malaria

on the second day 36

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: The life cycle of malaria parasite 3

Figure 2: Diagram of thick and thin film 27

Figure 3: The Gametocyte of P. Vicax and P.Ovale 31

Figure 4: The trophozoite of P. Vivax and P. Ovale 32

Figure 5; The trophozoite of P. Malaria and P falaparum 33

Figure 6: The Gametocyte of P. malaria and P falciparum 34

Figure 7: Graph showing incidence of malaria By species

of plasmodium on the first day using table one 37

Figure 8: Barchart showing incidenced of malaria by

species of Plasmodium on the first day using

table one 38

Figure 9: Sex distribution of the incidence of malaria

on the first day using table 2 39

Figure 10: Graph showing the incidence of malaria on the

second day using table 3 40

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 THE BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Malaria is a febrile illness caused by a protozoan of the germs plasmodium present public health problem and cause suffering and premature death in tropical and subtropical countries, because of htier ample rainfall; and long periods, of warmth which favour both mosquito breeding and human infection (Adams and Magraitt 1980,),

In many endemic area, malaria increases and difficult to control because of the resistance of the parasite to antimalaria drings and the failure of vector control measures: At present, about two billion population live in malarious zone. Every year, 200-300 million people are due to the disease. Most of the victims are children under five (5) and pregnant women in areas of stable malaria (intence malaria) transmission. Malaria also poses a risk to travellers, tarists and immigrants and exotic cases of malaria are

There are four species of Plasmodium which infects humans. although infection is generally cases occur in the USA and other countries which are otherwise free of malaria transmission. Falciparum, and Plasmodium vivaz, which are found throughout malaria belt. Plasmodium malaria is widely distributed but less common Plasmodium Ovale is rare but it tends to replace P. Viax in west Africa where it has been linked with Lack of Duffy blood group by (John Murray, 1880).

The life cycle of the malaria (Plasmodium protozoa) includes of the malaria (plasmodium protozoa)includes three basic stages. The first stage occurs in the mosgintos body (Exogenous stage). The second and the third stages take place in a persons body (exogenous stage) the first stage begins where the mosginto bites Samoan who has malaria. Plasmodium enter the insects body and reproduce in its stomach. The protozoan young tin their way into the mosguito saliva. The second stage occurs after the mosquito bites another person. Plasmodia.