The prevalence of viral hepatitis B among patients in National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu was studied. The samples comprised that of men , woman and children 200 in numbers, all patient of orthopedic Hospital Enugu. Laboratory investigation done were this HB_s tested which 110 patient out of the 200 patients tested positive, and liver function tests found abnormal in almost all the patients that tested positive to HB_sAG routine test. The commonest clinical presentations were fever and jaundice seen in Jo patient out of the 110 patients. The infection was highest amongst young adult 21-30 years of age. This accounted for 17.5% of the positive patients population it was lowest amongst children 1-10 and old people 60-70 which made up 5% of the infected population. The study also gave the general view of the group of individual affected whether children or adult, and the wid expired of the repetitious B. Hepatitis B one of the major cause of human suffering in the world despite a though understanding of its transmission and prevention and control by use of vaccine was found to be prevalent in National Orthopedic Hospital Enugu among the patients.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page

Certification

Dedication

Acknowledgement

Abstract

Table of contents

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction

1.1: introduction to hepatitis b

1.2 Purpose of study

1.3 Significant of study

1.4 Statement of problem

1.5 Limitation of study

1.6 Hypothesis

CHAPTER TWO

Literature review

2.1 Structure of hepatitis b virus

2.2 The genome and its organization

2.3 Taxonomy of the hepatitis b virus

2.4 Reproduction (repcication) of hepatitis bb virus

2.5 Origin of the term “ Australian aborigine”.

2.6 Mode of transmission of hepatitis b

2.7 Hbv and cell damage (Cytopathic effects)

2.8 Hepatitis b virus and hepatocellular, carcin0ns

2.9 Hepatitis b virus infection: acute and chronic

2.10 Prevention and control

2.11 Site of injection for vaccination

2.12 People at risk of contacting the virus

CHAPTER THREE

3.1: materials used

3.2 Test for the presence of hepatitis b and

3.3 Principle for the above test

3.4 Serum bilirubin

3.5 Principle for the test above

CHAPTER FOUR

Result

CHAPTER FIVE

5.1 discussion and conclusion

5.2 Conclusion

5.3 Recommendation

References

LIST OF TABLE

Table 1: age distribution of the infected population 33

Table 2: Sex distribution of the infected population 33

Table 3: Area distributions of the infected population 33

Table 4: The six categories of patients showing the number of Infected persons 33

Table 5: Result of the test using the six categories of patients 34

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION TO HEPATITIS B

Viral hepatitis is a disease as old as the history of Medicine. Hepatitis was described in the Babylonian Talmud in the fifty century BC, and was referred to by Hippocratic over 2000 years ago. Despite this ancient knowledge, it was not until 1963, that the first human Repetitious virus was isolated, Hepatitis B. This was followed quickly by the purification of Hepatitis A in 1973, and more recently by the isolation of viruses C, D, E and G. These viruses are known to infect the human liver (Anderson et al; 2001).

However, there are more than twenty other viruses, which infect the human liver. These are not considered “Repatitis viruses” as these other viruses tend to infect organs other than the liver more seriously’. These include common viruses such as Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mumps, Rubella, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) as well as rare ones such as Rassa fever and yellow fever viruses.

Any infection that results in inflammation of the liver is called Repatitis (Greek Repaticus, liver). Incidentally, not all “hepatitis” is caused by viruses. “HEPATITIS” means “inflammation of the liver”, and can be caused also by other types of infection (bacteria fungi etc); toxic drugs; poisons; alcoholism and so on (Drexott etal; 2005).

But of interest is one Repatitis virus – one of the most common infections diseases, causing an estimated 1.5millon deaths world wide each year – Hepatitis B. Hepatitis B is caused by the Repatitis B virus (HBV), a double – stranded circular DNA virus of complex structure. Hbv is class ivied as an orthoropadnavirus within the family hepadnaviridae. HBV was originally