The Histological Effect Of Alcohol On The Liver And Kidney Of Animals

Alcohol consumption represents the third largest risk factor for disease burden in most countries of thernworld. Alcohol can damage nearly every organ and system in the body such as liver and kidney. Alcoholrnis eliminated from the body by various metabolic mechanisms. The primary enzymes involved in thesernmetabolic mechanisms are aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), cytochromernP450 (CYP2E1), and catalase. Variations in the genes for these enzymes have been found to influencernalcohol consumption, alcohol-related tissue damage, and alcohol dependence. The consequences ofrnalcohol metabolism include oxygen deficits (i.e., hypoxia) in the liver; interaction between alcoholrnmetabolism by products and other cell components, resulting in the formation of harmful compounds (i.e.,rnadducts); formation of highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules (i.e., reactive oxygen species) that canrndamage other cell components; tissue damage; fetal damage; cancer; and medication interactions. Therneffects of alcohol on various tissues depend on its concentration in the blood i.e. blood alcoholrnconcentration over time. Blood alcohol concentration (BAC) is determined by how quickly alcohol isrnabsorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted. BAC is influenced by the rate of alcohol drinking, thernpresence of food in the stomach, and the type of alcoholic beverage, variations in the principal alcohol-rnmetabolizing enzymes namely alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase. Alcohol readilyrndiffuses across membranes and distributes through all cells and tissues, and at these concentrations, it canrnacutely affect cell function by interacting with certain proteins and cell membranes. Alcohol metabolismrnalso results in the generation of acetaldehyde that may contribute to tissue damage, the formation ofrndamaging molecules known as ROS, and a change in the redox state of liver cells. Understanding thernbalance of alcohol’s removal and the accumulation of potentially damaging metabolic byproducts, as wellrnas how alcohol metabolism affects other metabolic pathways, is essential for appreciating both the short-rnterm and long-term effects of the body’s response to alcohol intake (Zakhari, 2006).rnKey word: Alcohol, Liver, Kidney, Necrosis and Degenerative change

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