The purpose of the study is to document the reciprocal relationships between Oromo literaturernand identity issues in the process of the Oromo struggle against the formation of Ethiopianrnhomogenous nation as the subject has not received proper historical study. In an attempt tornfill the gap, the dissertation reconstructs a history of Afaan Oromo literature as a storehousernof Oromo identity, transcript for consciousness creation and instrument of resistance againstrnimpositions of Amhara rulers. For the study, pertinent available data were collected,rninterpreted and analysed qualitatively based on historical research methods using mainlyrnnarrative and analysis styles. The research findings depict that before the Oromo werernconquered by the Amhara, the main emphasis of Afaan Oromo literature was the socializationrnof Oromo youths into ethically committed and morally strong Oromo. It was mainly used tornteach the Oromo youth what was good and evil, moral and immoral, destructive andrnconstructive, and encourage thought and action with its tales, poems, songs, epics, riddles,rndemonological legends, ballads, anecdotes, proverbs, lullabies, history and others. It alsornstored these principles in the forms of values, tension, myths, common experiences,rnpsychological makeup and intellectual curiosity. The first attempt to write in Afaan Oromornmight have come from the Muslim scholars whose efforts were to get written Afaan Oromo inrna suitable script, which continued until Qubee was adopted in 1991. From c. 1840 onwards,rnthe missionaries saw it as a language spoken by many people over large territorial areas andrnas a pathway to control the Oromo cultural identity and convert them to Christianity. Thernmissionaries insisted on writing in Afaan Oromo under severe conditions that even cost themrnheavy prices. Consequently, from 1840 to 1899, they effectively worked on translation of thernscriptures into Afaan Oromo, inscription of Afaan Oromo folklores and studies of AfaanrnOromo grammar and vocabularies which gave Afaan Oromo a written basis, and from 1900rnto the period of Italian conquest on teaching how to read and write in Afaan Oromo. Besides,rnthe determination to write in Afaan Oromo and the increased consciousness of nationalismrnwere paradoxically escalated by the attempts to suppress Afaan Oromo and Oromo culturalrnidentity in favour of the formation of the linguistically, religiously and culturally homogenousrnEthiopia from the last quarter of the nineteenth century. The Oromo grievances against therndomination were articulated, recorded and passed on vertically from generation to generationrnand horizontally from one geographical area to another in Afaan Oromo literature. Thernnetworking of the grievances by Oromo oral literature and the consolidation of Oromornconsciousness of their identity made the Oromo to consider the Italians as liberators when theyrnbegan to use Afaan Oromo for education, broadcasting and office activities. These linguisticrnand cultural freedoms that the Oromo tasted under Italian rule made them to pose seriousrnresistance against the restoration of Emperor Haile Sillasie. The Harar and Baalee Oromornuprisings, the Maccaa-Tuulamaa Association, the Afran Qalloo Cultural Movement and otherrncovert movements of the Oromo were what evolved because of the imposed strict languagernpolicy and this gradually consolidated Oromo consciousness. The struggle was one factor forrnthe decline of Emperor Haile Sillasie. The struggle to write in Afaan Oromo and the Oromornnational question continued under the Darg until it was declared that the Oromo were a nationrnwith their own regional state and Afaan Oromo became the written official language of thernOromia Regional State in 1991. The script adopted to write Afaan Oromo passed throughrnintermittent linguistic studies with constant and critical debates until Qubee was adopted asrnstandardized script to write Afaan Oromo. The script in which Afaan Oromo was to be writtenrncontinued to be the subject of linguistic and political debates of the agencies engaged in issuesrnof written Afaan Oromo throughout the study period until Qubee was officially declared as thernscript in which Afaan Oromo is now written.