The survey part of this study was conducted to assess urban and peri-urban dairyrnproduction systems, major constraints and opportunities, available feed resources andrnfeeding systems in and around Assela, Bishoftu, Holetta and Sululta towns, Oromiarnregional state, central highlands of Ethiopia. Overall, 160 dairy farmers (40 from eachrnsite) were randomly selected for individual interviews using a pre-tested semi-structuredrnquestionnaire. The feeding trial part was carried out in Bishoftu using twelve laternpregnant crossbred dairy cattle, grouped into three dietary treatments in randomizedrncomplete block design (RCBD) to evaluate the effect of different concentrate rationsrnsupplementation from late gestation to early post-partum on milk yield, milk composition,rnearly post-partum blood plasma metabolites, reproductive performances and fertility.rnThe treatments were T1 (hay with noug seed cake, wheat middling, and wheat bran), T2rn(hay with noug seed cake, wheat middling plus ruminant premix) and T3 (hay with nougrnseed cake, wheat middling, and ruminant premix plus commercial dairy concentrate). Inrnall groups, feeding was started 21 days before calving and continued up to 90 days inrnmilk and rations formulation was according to cowâ€™s requirements and stage ofrnproduction. The data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for the Social Sciencesrnsoftware version 20. The survey results showed that, the highest educational levelrn(diploma and above) was from Bishoftu town and the age group of most of thernrespondents was 40-59 years. Ninety five percent of respondents from urban Bishoftu,rn90% from urban Assela, 65% from urban Sululta, 55% from peri-urban Holetta areasrnreported stall feeding as the primary feeding method. Artificial insemination was thernmain breeding system in all (100%) of peri-urban Bishoftu, 90% of urban Bishoftu, 80%rnof urban Assela, 65% of urban Holetta, 60% of peri-urban Holetta and 50% of urbanrnAssela. The higher average daily milk yields were 11.7, 11.2 and 10.8 liters in urban andrnperi-urban Bishoftu and urban Sululta, respectively. The longest average age at firstrnservice (29.3 months) and age at first calving (38.3 months) intervals were in peri-urbanrnAssela. The number of services per conception was 1.4 and 1.3 in urban and peri-urbanrnAssela and these were lower than 1.65 and 1.85 in urban and peri-urban Bishoftu. Thernlongest average calving to conception interval (168.0 days) was in peri-urban Assela.rnThe average calving intervals 14.9 and 13.9 months from peri-urban Assela and Sulultarnwere relatively longer than the respective urban areas.In peri-urban Bishoftu (85%),rnHoletta (80%) and urban Bishoftu (70%) and peri-urban Sululta (70%) less milk pricernrelative to feed cost was the main marketing problem. High feed cost was the majorrnconstraint of peri-urban Bishoftu (55%), Sululta (55%) and urban Bishoftu (50%). Inrnperi-urban Assela water scarcity was the main constraint following high feed cost.rnrnrandomly selected household respondents were involved in the study. Key informantsrnworking in each beer factory and survey locations in the country were alsornconsidered for the study. Household respondent and key informant interview were thernkind of survey methodologies employed to conduct the field study. Data from thernhousehold based survey was collected using a pre-tested fully structured checklist.rnThe result showed that brewery spent grain also called brewerâ€™s grain (BSG) andrnbrewerâ€™s spent yeast (BSY) were the major byproduct feeds produced by all beerrnfactories in Ethiopia. There were in total 12 factories producing an estimatedrn26722.8 tons BSG (DM basis) and 360,758.1 hectoliters (hl) of BSY in 2016 G.C.rnRoughage feeds consumed by a lactating crossbred cow was estimated at 3.5 kg, d-1,rnwith higher intake (P