The global scenario is now supporting the development of modern drugs from less toxic plant products with proven medicinal properties. Each part of the neem plant (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) reportedly has various medicinal properties and has been in use in many continents for centuries. In this project work, water extract from Neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A Juss) with the modern atomic absorption spectrophotometer was presented. The mineral and chemical properties in the water extract of Neem leaf were studied. Results showed that the neem leaf contains some essential minerals needed by the biochemical system. It is obvious that the water extract of Azadirachta indica is significantly high in sodium ion (Na⁺) and potassium ion (K⁺) concentrations which are responsible in the conduction of impulses along the axons of the central nervous system. Iron is another element determined. This element is significantly low in the water extract of the sample used (neem leaf).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page ……………………………………………………………………. i

Certification ………………………………………………………………….ii

Dedication …………………………………………………………………..iii

Acknowledgement …………………………………………………………..iv

Abstract ………………………………………………………………………v

Table of contents ……………………………………………………………vi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction ………………………………………………………………1

1.1 Aim of project…………………………………………………………….2

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature review…………………………………………………………3

2.1 History of Neem tree …………………………………………………….3

2.2 Scientific classification …………………………………………………..4

2.3 Description of the Neem tree ………………………………………….....5

2.4 Neem oil ………………………………………………………………….6

2.5 Neem gum ………………………………………………………………..8

2.6 Neem honey ……………………………………………………………...8

2.7 Chemical compounds in Neem …………………………………………..8

2.8 Medicinal properties of Neem ………………………………………….10

2.9 Modern researches on the effect of Neem ……………………………...11

2.9.1 Neem’s effect against microorganisms ………………………………12

2.9.2 Neem’s effect against ailments ……………………….........................14

2.9.3 Toxicity of Neem ……………………………………………………..15

2.9.4 Neem as a vegetable ………………………………………………….16

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 Materials and methods…………………………………………………..17

3.1 Raw material used ………………………………………………………17

3.2 Equipment used…………………………………………………………17

3.3 Sample preparation and extraction ……………………………………..18

3.4 Atomic absorption spectrophotometer determination ………………….18

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 Results …………………………………………………………………19

CHAPTER FIVE

Discussion and conclusion …………………………………………………23

REFERENCES…………………………………………………………….24

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) is one of the very few trees known in the Indian subcontinent (Puri, 1999). This tree belonged to Meliceae family, and grows rapidly in the tropic and semi-tropic climate. It is also observed that this tree could survive in very dry and arid conditions.(Puri, 1999). The Neem Tree is an incredible plant that has been declared the Tree of the 21st century by the United Nations (Puri, 1999). In India, it is variously known as ‘Divine Tree’, ‘Life giving tree’, ‘Nature’s Drugstore’, ‘Village Pharmacy’ and ‘Panacea for all diseases’. It is one of the major components in Ayurvedic medicine, which has been practiced in India since many centuries.

Extracts from the Neem tree (Azadirachta indica A Juss) also called ‘Dogonyaro’ in Nigeria are most consistently recommended in ancient medical texts for gastrointestinal upsets, diarrhoea and intestinal infections, skin ulcers and malaria (Schmutterer, 1995). All parts of Neem plant such as leaves, bark, flower, fruit, seed and root have advantages in medical treatment and industrial products. Its leaves can be used as drug for diabetes, eczema and reduce fever. Barks of Neem can be used to make toothbrush and the roots has an ability to heal diseases and against insects. (Puri, 1999). The seed of Neem tree has a high concentration of oil. Neem oil is widely used as insecticides, lubricant, drugs for variety of diseases such as diabetes and tuberculosis (Puri, 1999; Ragasa et al., 1996).

India encouraged scientific investigations on neem tree as part of his program to revitalise India tradition and also increase commercial interest on neem (Stix, 1992) and presently some authors believe that no other plant or tree in the world has been so extensively researched or used in all possible capacities so far. In Africa, extracts from neem leaves have provided various medicinal preparations (Ekanem, 1971; Udeinya, 1993). Neem plant (Azadirachta indica) has been of great benefit in human health due to its biochemical, pharmacological, and medicinal properties.

1.1 AIM OF PROJECT

Many researches have been carried out on neem plant (Azadirachta indica) and results have shown that it has both medicinal and pharmacological properties. However, there are no documented information relating the mineral properties inherent in the leaf of the plant. Consequently, this work was aimed at determining some minerals present in the water extract of neem leaf using the modern atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis.