The purpose of this study was to investigate the primary school principalsâ€™ discharge their instructional leadership roles and challenges in government primary schools of Ephratanagidim woreda, North Shoa Zone, Amhara Region, Ethiopia,rnLeaderâ€™s engagement in the dimensions such as defining and communicating the school goals, managing curriculum and instruction, supervising and evaluating instruction, monitoring instructional program and creating a conducive learning climate were used to understand how discharge their role and its effectiveness of primary school instructional leadership. The major challenges that used to measure their constraints on leadership effectiveness were, lack of knowledge, will, and courage, lack of skill and training, lack of cooperation with stake holders and lack of resources were considered. The research methodology employed in the study was both quantitative and qualitative approaches .For quantitative portion, a questionnaire was prepared to be filled by teachers, principals, unit leaders and department heads. For the qualitative portion, interviews, document analysis and FGD were administered. The study was conducted in 16 primary schools selected from 16 clusters by using a cluster sampling technique. The questionnaires were distributed to sample size of 192 teachers, 20 school principals and vice principals, 48 department heads and 20 unit leaders. 256 out of the 280 distributed questionnaires were returned, producing an overall 91.43% return rate. Interview respondents and FGD were properly 100% participated. Data obtained through questionnaires were analyzed using statistical tools such as frequency, percentage; mean value, and t-value. The findings from the data analysis revealed that most school leaders were not strong (effective) neither in each dimension nor in their overall instructional leadership role. The study also tells us they more give emphasis for administrative role than that of instructional role due to lack of qualification in the profession, lack of training, and lack of resource. Finally, based on the findings and conclusions, recommendations were made for WEO, principals and other responsible bodies to do their instructional work effectively.