A study on the history and status of the population of African elephant (Loxodonta africana) andrnhuman-elephant conflict in Chebera-Churchura National Park was conducted from July 2005 tornMarch 2006. This study was aimed to fill information gap on the population status of the elephantsrnof the south western mid-altitude forest in the country. Data on the population history, seasonalrnmovement and distribution and the human-elephant interactions in the area were collected based onrnthe questionnaire survey and field observations. The population size and abundance of elephants inrnthe area was determined from dung counts survey. The dung density was determined based on linerntransect survey and a total of 45 transects with a length of 68.3 km were surveyed within high andrnmedium density strata. The age and sex structure of elephants were categorized based on the bodyrnsize comparison, footprint measurements and bolus circumference measurements.rnThe history of the elephant population of the area appeared to have started within the last threerndecades when it was seen for the first time in the area. The elephant population came to the arearnfrom the side of Omo National Park. The population has been increasing in size and extent ofrndistribution since the late 1990s to cover the present study area and its surroundings. However,rnfollowing an intensive poaching and habitat degradation due to human activities since therntransitional government, they are confined to two localities in CCNP. The elephant population hasrntwo groups localized in the northern and the western parts of the Park within 250 km2 area. Thernelephant population has extended wet season home range that was determined by habitat and humanrnfactors.rnThe population size of the elephants was estimated to be 85 (+ 24) with a density of 0.007rnelephants/km2. Defecation and dung decay rates were 16.57 (+ 2.044) droppings/ elephant/ day andrn0.0133 (+ 0.0017) droppings/day respectively. The elephant population was expressed as young andrngrowing population, but with less number of juveniles and calves, might be due to mortality and/orrnreproductive pressure from elephant density or human factors. The more skewed sex ratio in favor ofrnfemales (1:2) and less number of males above 20 years of age were probably due to selectivernpoaching for adult males with relatively larger tusk. The human-elephant conflict was associated with the size and distribution of the elephantrnpopulation, commonly distributed before one and half decades ago. The impact of elephants on thernsurrounding communities was localized to four villages (20% of the boundary line). However,rnhabitat loss and killing of elephants by human activities continued till the present. These findings ofrnthe study are important in making management decisions and are base lines for future monitoring ofrnelephants of the area.