Agro-morphological And Molecular Characterization Of Enset (ensete Ventricosum (welw.) Cheesman) Landraces From Ethiopia

The study was conducted with the objective of assessing and documenting indigenous knowledgernand perception associated with the distribution, diversity, Enset Xanthomonas Wil, its etiologyrnand mode of transmission, and management of enset in the country, and the genetic diversity ofrnenset landraces that were obtained from different geograpHical locations in Ethiopia, usingrnPhenotypic traits and to develop a genome sequence data, identify and develop single nucleotidernpolymorpHism (SNPs) and genotyping of landraces that serve as molecular markers for futurernmarker assisted breeding.rnEnset genetic resource utilization and management study was conducted in eight ethnic groupsrnin the Southern Nations, Nationalities and Peoples’ Regional State. The data was collectedrnmainly through individual interviews and direct on-farm participatory monitoring andrnobservation, key informant interviews. Relevant secondary data, literature and inter-personalrndata were collected from unpublished progress report from National Enset Research Project,rnelderly people and senior experts. Enset-based farming system is one of major agriculturalrnsystems in Ethiopia that serves as a backbone for at least one-forth of country’s population.rnFarmers used three morphological characters, two growth attributes, disease resistance and fivernuse values traits in folk classification and characterization of enset. A total of 312 folk landracesrnhave been identified. The number of landraces cultivated on individual farms ranged from one torntwenty eight (mean of 8.08 ± 0.93). All ethnic groups in the study area use five use categories inrnorder of importance: kocho yield and quality, bulla quality, amicho use, fiber quality andrnmedicinal/ritual value. Of the 312 landraces 245 landraces having more than two use types.rnManagement and maintenance of on-farm enset diversity is influenced by systematic propagationrnof the landraces, exchange of planting material and selective pressure. Farmers’ knowledge andrnperception of enset Xanthomonas wilt showed that a significant number of farmers are aware ofrnEXW, its symptoms, etiology and transmission and spread, but they are not able to readily relaternmodes of spread to control methods. Since 2002, EXW became prominent in Hadiya, with thernhighest EXW incidence and severity, followed by Wolaita, and Kembata-Tembaro. Farmersrnidentified EXW as the major cause for declining production and productivity of enset in thernregion. EXW has spread widely and rapidly in southern Ethiopia, with significant socioeconomicrnimpacts in smallholders’ livelihoods. There is a need for developing knowledge-based strategiesrnand awareness-raising campaign for EXW management. In general, the existing farmers’rnknowledge on naming, classification and diversity should be complemented with maintenance ofrnthe creative dynamics of traditional knowledge and transmission of the knowledge are crucialrnfor constructing sustainable management.rnAssessment of genetic diversity in enset using Phenotypic markers were subjected to ANOVA andrnthe variations among the landraces and regions were significant (p ≤ 0.01) for all the 15 traitsrnstudied. Mean for plant height, central shoot weight before grating, and fermented squeezedrnkocho yield per hectare per year showed regional variation along an altitude gradient andrnxxiiirnacross cultural differences related to the origin of the collection. Furthermore, there werernsignificant correlations among most of the characters. This included the correlation amongrnagronomic characteristics of primary interest in enset breeding such as plant height, pseudostemrnheight, and fermented squeezed kocho yield per hectare per year. Altitude of the collection sitesrnalso significantly impacted the various characteristics studied. Cluster analysis grouped thernlandraces into five distinct groups, with two outlying landraces. Landraces originating fromrnregions with similar agro-climatic conditions grouped together. Principal component analysisrnshowed that the first four principal components accounted for ~74% of the total variance of thern387 enset landraces for the 15 quantitative traits studied. The linear discriminant analysesrndepicted about 40.8% (160 of the 387) and 45.2% (175 of 387) correct origin-basedrnclassification of the germplasm in terms of altitude zones and regions, respectively. Sixrnqualitative morphological traits were also analyzed using the Shannon Weaver diversity indexrn(H’).The Shannon-Weaver Diversity Index (H') for all sampled germplasm ranged from 0.50 torn0.89, with a mean of 0.73. Analysis of variance for H' revealed highly significant (p

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