Anti-diabetic Potential Of Ethiopian Natural Honey And Propolis In Rats With Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: The currently existing anti-diabetic drugs for diabetes treatments were unable to achieve thernoptimum glycemic control and adjust oxidative stress levels to normal. To address this limitations andrnunmet goal for diabetes handling, the search for new therapeutic options that supplement the availablerndiabetes treatments are disparately needed. Honey and propolis are considered as an alternative andrncomplementary medicine and/or food supplements for diabetes. They are known to demonstrate naturallyrnhigh antioxidant potentials depending on their floral origin. But bee products use in current medicine as arnpotential therapy is entirely underutilized in Ethiopia. This study was, therefore, designed to investigate thernanti-diabetic potentials of Ethiopian natural honey and propolis extracts in streptozotocin (STZ)-inducedrndiabetic rats. rn rnMethodology: Natural honey and propolis samples were collected directly from bee hives in differentrngeographical regions of Ethiopia. The physicochemical analysis of the honey samples were evaluated andrnthe total phenolic compounds of both honey and propolis extracts were determined with spectroscopy. Thernantioxidant capacities of both samples were measured via free radical-scavenging effects against 2, 2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylrnrn(DPPH). One natural honey sample and one propolis extract were selectedrnbased on their composition and antioxidant activities, and tested for the antidiabetic potential on the STZinducedrndiabeticrnrats.rnArntotalrnofrn100 Wistarrnalbinornratsrnwerernused,rnofrnwhichrn15 ratsrnwerernrandomlyrnassignedrnrnasrnrnnon-diabetic control and 85 rats were induced by varying doses of STZ. From these, 29 rats were diedrnand the remaining 56 diabetic rats were used either for type 1 or type 2 diabetes model. For type 1, 34rndiabetic rats were divided in to two categories of six groups consisting of 5—6 rats, one for honey and thernother for propolis treatment. The animals were treated orally once daily for four weeks with natural honeyrn(1g/kg) or propolis extract (200mg/kg) or metformin (100 mg/kg), or the combination of metformin withrneither honey or propolis extract. The body weight and fasting blood glucose (FBG) were measured every 5 rndays during the experimental periods. The animals were sacrificed at the end of the experiment and thernblood samples were collected for biochemical analysis and determined by fully automated Cobas R. 6000rn(Roche, Hitachi) clinical chemistry analyzer. rn rnResults: The physicochemical parameters of the analyzed honey samples showed the mean values of pHrn(4.00.2),rn5-hydroxymethyl furfural,rn HMF (4.53.9 mg/kg), moisture (18.91.2%), ash (0.280.15%), rntotal protein (0.380.11%), total reducing sugar (73.13.3 %), fructose (39.22.1%), glucose (33.12.1rn%), sucrose (0.850.43%) and fructose to glucose ratio of 1.2. The four major mineral contents determined rnin the honey samples were K, Ca, Na and Mg with the mean value of 1295.67518.75, 199.175.17, 118.4rn76.71 and 37.1 16.73 mg/kg, respectively. From the mineral content of the honey samples assessed, K rnmake up 77% but Zn and Cu occurred in trace amounts. Furthermore, both honey and propolis samplesrnshowed high content of total phenolic compounds with mean values of 44928.3 mg gallic acidrnequivalent (GAE)/100 g for honey and 61735.7 mg GAE/g for ethanol extract of propolis (EEP). Therntotal flavonoid composition was also 27.11.7 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/100 g for honey on averagernwhile that of propolis samples was 2244.7 mg CE /g for EEP. Both honeybee products have shown strongrnradical scavenging properties with respect to DPPH; (18.11.6–59.82.5%) and (48.60.9 – 87.80.1%)rnfor honey and EEP, respectively. The polyphenolic contents of the samples revealed a good correlation (rrnrn= 0.50–0.82) with their antioxidant properties. The treatment of the diabetic rats with either natural honey, rnpropolis extract or their combination with metformin demonstrated slightly improved body weight of therndiabetic rats but significantly reduced (P

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