Although the introduction of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) has greatly reducedrnthe morbidity and mortality associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), dyslipidemiarnand increased cardiovascular risk are among the significant adverse drug reactions with long-termrnHAART. Among other antiretroviral medications, Efavirenz based antiretroviral therapy isrnimplicated in the development of dyslipidemia. With this intent this study aimed at assessingrndyslipidemia and associated factors in patients receiving Efavirenz based highly activernantiretroviral therapy among HIV only and TB-HIV co-infected patients. The study was conductedrnon non-fasting stored plasma specimens that had already been collected under a broad clinicalrnresearch named â€œThe TB-HIV Pharmagene Study in Ethiopia, a sub-Saharan African countryâ€.rnHIV infected (i.e. Arm 1) patients received EFV-based HAART (Zidovudine (ZDV), Stavudinern(d4T) or Tenofovir (TDF) with Lamivudine (3TC) as NRTI back bone), and TB-HIV co-infectedrn(i.e. Arm2) patients received Rifampicin based anti-TB therapy in addition to EFV-based HAART.rnPlasma High Density Lipoprotein-c (HDL), Low Density Lipoprotein-c (HDL), Triglyceride (TG)rnand Total Cholesterol (TC) concentrations were determined at baseline, and after 4 and 16 weeksrnof initiation of HAART in both arms. Total Cholesterol to High Density Lipoprotein-c ratio wasrnalso calculated. 89 stored biologic specimens were used where 30 were from Arm 1 and 59 werernfrom Arm 2. The majority of specimens were from females (76.7% and 55.9% in arm 1 and 2,rnrespectively). The mean age was 35.6 and 33.9 in arm 1 and 2, respectively and the two arms werernnot significantly different in terms of socio-demographic, baseline clinical, and laboratoryrncharacteristics except for Body Mass Index and cotrimoxazole prophylaxis therapy. At baseline,rnonly the values for TG were significantly different between the two arms (158 mg/dL in Arm1 andrn131 mg/dL in Arm 2 (p