Agricultural expansion has caused much habitat loss across the world. Still there can bernsubstantial levels of biodiversity in such landscapes and we need to understand more about therndistribution of biodiversity in such landscapes. In some agricultural landscape there is arnreforestation or afforestation trend, often with exotic trees and with the aim of generating woodrnproducts. To what extent plantations of exotic trees can harbor native biodiversity is anrnimportant question. Generally, the capacity of plantations to contain native species depend bothrnon local, landscape and historical factors. The current study was conducted in a farmscape inrncentral Ethiopia characterized by scattered small Eucalyptus plantations located at differentrndistances from a remnant forest (Chilimo forest). The objectives of this study were to understandrnto what extent local, landscape and historical factors constrain or foster native woody and herbrnspecies regeneration in these Eucalyptus plantations. Additionally the roles of retained, isolatedrntrees of Podocarpus falcatus and Juniperus procera as propagule sources were investigated. Allrnnative woody and herb species in 60 small (0.5-1.75ha) Eucalyptus plantations embedded in anrnopen farmscape ranging in distance from 0.1 to 12 km from the remnant continuous forest wererncollected and identified. Presence/absence data on herbs was also collected in four 100 m x 50 mrnplots in the Chilimo forest to be used for characterization of the forest herb flora. The ages of thernstudied Eucalyptus plantations were estimated by using Aerial photosfrom1988-2014. Thernlocation of remnant trees of P. falcatus and J. procera were recorded within a circular plot ofrn500 m radius around each Eucalyptus plantations. A total of 1571 individuals of native woodyrnplants belonging to 55 species were recorded in the plantations. The number of woody species inrna plantation increased significantly with the height of the grass sward indicating sensitivity torngrazing. Moreover, the number of woody species in the Eucalyptus plantations decreasedrnsignificantly with distance to the forest showing that they were dispersal limited. The likelihoodrnof presence of P. falcatus in Eucalyptus plantations increased with connectivity to retainedrnmature trees in the surrounding area, but not so for J. procera. For the herbs a total number ofrn92 species were recorded in the plantations, of which 47 were denoted forest species and 45 nonforestrnspecies based on the comparison with the forest plot data. The number of forest herbrnspecies in the Eucalyptus plantations decreased with distance from the forest why this not wasrnthe case for the non-forest herb taxa. However, both the number of forest and non-forest herbrnspecies increased with the height of grass swards illustrating sensitivity to grazing also for thisrnspecies groups. To conclude, sowing or planting native plants will be necessary in mostrnplantations across the country if biodiversity of the plantations should increase and morernresemble forest biodiversity, since only few remnant natural forests that could act as seedrnsources occur across the Ethiopian highlands. Another main obstacle might be the prohibition ofrnselling timber of native trees, which indirectly discourage farmers from letting native treesrnregenerate. Thus the increasing cover of Eucalyptus seen across the country will notrnautomatically foster a recovery of native woody plant biodiversity, even if it is managed tornoptimize local environmental conditions.rnKeywords: Chilimo forest, colonization, dispersal, farmscapes, native flora, restoration, smallscalernEucalypts plantations