Background- Neonatal mortality contributes a higher percentage to infant mortality rates (IMR)rnespecially in developing countries including Ethiopia where the rate of institutional, skill assistedrndelivery is low and the fact that the absence of emergency neonatal support service contribute tornthe problem. Therefore, it is justified to the level of mothersâ€™ knowledge and practice of thernEssential Newborn Care is timely.rnObjective: The aim of this study is to assess the level of knowledge & practice and factorsrnassociated with Essential Newborn Care among Recently Delivered Women (RDW), in Fitcherntown, Oromia Region.rnMethods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March, 2015rnin Fitche Town using a mixed survey method (both quantitative as well as qualitative).Quantitativerndata was collected from the sampled 389 women who delivered in previous 12 months of the daternof the data collection in Fitche town. The survey participants were identified using a stratifiedrnrandom sampling technique. Structured and pretested questionnaire was used to obtain informationrnabout the knowledge and practice of Essential Newborn Care. The quantitative data werernsupplemented by information obtained from key informant using in-depth interview method. Thernsample size for the qualitative method was determined by saturation of idea. The quantitative datarnwas first entered in to EPI-Info version 3.1 and exported to SPSS statistical packages version 21.rnDescriptive summary measures and association between the various background variables andrnknowledge and practice were done. Binary and multivariate logistic regression study analysis wasrndone to identify factors associated with dependent variables. Thematic analysis was used for thernqualitative studyrnResult: A total of 386 women participated in the quantitative survey. The majority of womenrn261(67.6%) were in the age 20-29 years. 117(30.3%) women were illiterate. The majorityrn367(95.1%) of women made at least one antenatal care (ANC) visit during their last pregnancy.rnMajority of the respondents 339(87.8%) delivered in the health facility. Only few 67(17.4%)rnwomen reported receiving a postnatal check by a health worker or health extension workers in thernfirst week after delivery. Less than half 179 (46.4%) of the mothersâ€™ had good overall knowledgernabout ENC. Knowledge was rated highest with immediately and exclusive breast feeding andrnlowest was rated with danger signs identification, eye care and immunization. Women who werernviiirnilliterate [AOR: 0.153, (95% CI: 0.052-0.445)], able to read & write, [AOR (95%CI)rn0.162(0.027-0.989)], and also women who received grade 9-10 education, [AOR (95%CI)rn0.372(0.141-0.982)], Those women whose household monthly income was from 1401-2350rnETB,[AOR: 0.311, (95% CI: (0.113-0.858)] and Women who registered for ANC sixteen weeksrnand above of gestation, [AOR: 0.535, (95% CI: 0.311-0.921)], were found significant predictorsrnon level of knowledge about ENC. Regarding to practices, greater than half 214 (55.4%) ofrnmothersâ€™ had good overall practices about ENC. Practice was rated highest with immediately andrnexclusive breast feeding and lowest rated with thermal care especially immediate placement of thernnewborn. Women who had poor knowledge of ENC, [AOR: 0.158, (95% CI: 0.085-0.293)],rnwomen who were in the age group fifteen to nineteen, [AOR: 142.7, (95% CI: 5.249-3880)], andrnwomen who didnâ€™t have counseling at antenatal, [AOR: 0.492, (95% CI: 0.245-0.987)], werernfound significant predictors on level of practice about ENC.rnThe in- depth interview identified that: giving food and fluid immediate after birth up to 6 monthsrn& bottle feeding, bathing immediate after birth, use of unsterile and unclean material for cuttingrnand tying umbilical cord, application of substance on cord stump and not giving colostrum or firstrnmilk for the newborn causes infection to the newborn. Concerning practices, respondentsrnconfirmed that there are cultural practices exercised in the community on the application ofrnsubstances on cord stump, prelactant feeding, bathed immediately after birth using cold waterrnespecial for home delivery causes infection to the newborn.rnConclusion and recommendationrnAmong the recently delivered mothers, 207(53.4%) had poor knowledge about Essential NewbornrnCare and from the components of ENC; mothers were most knowledgeable on breast feeding.rnKnowledge gaps exist with regard to eye care, immunization and danger signs identification inrnneonate. Maternal education programs should be given emphasis for the components of ENC forrnmothersâ€™ knowledge gaps. Maternal education must be giving due attention for Women who werernilliterate, able to read & write and also women who received grade 9-10 education, mothers whosernhousehold monthly income was from 1401-2350 ETB, Women who registered for ANC sixteenrnweeks and above of gestation and mothers who had poor knowledge about ENC