An investigation on the population status, structure and habitat association of thernAfrican buffalo (Syncerus caffer Sparrman, 1779) and anthropogenic threats in CheberarnChurchura National Park (CCNP), Ethiopia was carried out during 2012â€“2015. The study arearnwas stratified into four habitat types, viz., grasslands, woodlands, montane forests and riverinernhabitat. Sample counts were carried out in an area of 1,215 km2. The estimated buffalornpopulation was 5,193 individuals, with the population density of 4.27/ km2. The populationrnestimates for wet and dry seasons were 5,788 and 4,599 heads, respectively. Males comprisedrn42.56%, while females 46.68% of the population (M: F=1.00: 1.10). Age structure wasrndominated by adults, which constituted 52.49% of the total population. Subadults comprisedrn24.30%, young 12.44% and unidentified sex of the population was 10.75%, with a significantrndifference between young and adults. Larger herds of up to 30 individuals were observed duringrnthe wet season and smaller herds of a minimum of four individuals were seen during the dryrnseason. The mean herd size during the wet and dry seasons was 29.59 and 16.95, respectively.rnBuffaloes were observed more in the riverine vegetation types during the dry season. Relativernabundance of food sources, green vegetation cover and availability of water were the majorrnfactors governing their distribution in the present study area. Buffalo spent a greater proportionrnof the time in feeding and resting activities. Feeding and resting were the predominant activitiesrn(87.14% of the diurnal active period), with 48.95% time spent feeding during the dry season, andrn44.91% during the wet season. Daytime grazing and resting periods during the wet season werernestimated to be 5.39 h and 4.98 h, respectively. Morning and the late afternoon activity peaksrnwere more pronounced during the dry season than the wet season. The main threat of the Africanrnbuffalo in the study area was poaching, wildfire, livestock grazing, illegal farming and expandingrnhuman settlements. Questionnaires survey, group discussions and direct field observationsrnindicated that, firewood collection, setting fire, hunting, livestock grazing and farming werernhaving great impacts on biodiversity conservation in CCNP. Crop damage, livestock loss, humanrninjures and illegal resource access were the major problems encountered in CCNP resulting inrnconflicts between local people and Park officials, and also human and wildlife. To mitigate thesernproblems, the local people have adopted intensified vigilance, use of guard animals, fencing, usernof repellents and killing problematic wild animals. Even though most of the respondents of thernquestionnaire survey had positive attitude towards conservation areas and wildlife, they were notrnsatisfied by the benefit from the Park. Proper conservation measures incorporating allrnstakeholders have to be implemented to solve the problems and safeguard the wildlife in thernPark.rnKey words: Activity patterns, habitat association, natural resource use, humanâ€“wildlife conflict.