The seminar topic, “Extraction of oil from local seeds” is based on the study of palm oil and groundnut oil from palm fruits and groundnut seeds respectively, which are the local seeds. Oil is an organic substance which is an essential constituent of plants and animals. Extraction is a technique used for collecting oil from local seeds. The three major methods of extracting oil from local seeds are; Rendering, mechanical pressing of Extraction of oil fro local seeds involve, grinding, boiling denusking, and skimming off of the oil. The factors that affect the rate of extraction of oil from local seeds include Temperature, particle size, nature of solvent and Agitation. Oil can be produced on a small scale using the traditional method which involves dehusking, cooking and skimming off while the production on a large scale involves the use of machines such as Expellers, Ghania, etc. The adoption of a traditional method is tedios and time consuming while the mechanized method saves time and reduces stress. The oil Extracted can be used for making soaps, as an ingredient in other foods such as baked or fried goods. Finally, the palm kernel is used in making P.K.O The waste from the groundnut oil extraction can be used for making a snack-like food called “kulikuli” while the chaff from the palm oil extraction can be use as a source of fuel ie to ignite the burning of firewood.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page i

Letter of Transmittal ii

Approval page iii

Dedication iv

Acknowledgment v

Abstract vi

Table of contents vii

CHAPTER ONE

Introduction 1

What are oils? 1

Nature of extraction 2

Methods of oil extraction 3

Basic processes for oil extraction in Nigeria 5

Expellers 8

Factors affecting the rates of oil extraction from

oil seeds 9

Factors governing the choice of solvent 10

CHAPTER TWO

Discussion 13

CHAPTER THREE

Conclusion 22

Recommendation 24

References 26

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

WHAT ARE OILS?

An oil belongs to a general organics group called “lipid”. It is a well-defined class of an organic substance which is an essential constituent of all forms of plants and animals. Oils are soluble in organic solvents such as ether but insoluble in water. Oil can be grouped into edible and non-edible depending on the amount of specified matters and impurities it contains. Owing to the fact that the used of oil as a raw material for the production of different useful products such as soap, margarine, etc. has increased tremendously, calls for the need for a seminar report on the extraction of oil from a local seed such as groundnut oil from its seed.

NATURE OF EXTRACTION

This is defined as a technique in which a solute distributes itself between two immiscible solvents as a result of its different solubilities in the two solvents. It is the prefential solution of one or more constituents of a solid mixture by contact with a liquid solvent. This is a unit operation which is one of the oldest in the chemical industries. The success of an extraction and the technique to be used will vary frequently depending upon any prior treatment which may be given to the solid. In some instance, small particles of the soluble material are completely summoned by a matrix of insoluble matter. The solvent must then diffuse into the mass, and the resulting solution must diffuse out before a separation can occur. Crushing and grinding of such solids will greatly enhance the extraction action, because the soluble portion will now be make more accessible to the solvent.

Moreso, seeds like groundnut seeds are cellular in structures, and the natural products to be extract from this materials are usually found inside the cells of the seeds. If the cell walls remain intact upon exposure to a suitable solvent, the extraction will involve osmotic passage of the solute through the cell walls. This may be slow, but it is impractical and sometime undesirable to grind the material small enough to release the contents of individual cells.

METHODS OF OIL EXTRACTION

There are three basic methods by which oil can be extracted from oil bearing seeds.

They include:

i) Rending

ii) Mechanical expression

iii) Solvent extraction

RENDERING

The crudest method of rendering oil from seed which is still practiced in some developing countries such as Nigeria involves heaping up the seeds in piles and exposing them to sun in order to collect the oil that exudes. This method is used in the preparation of seeds of high oil content such as olive and palm oils.

MECHANICAL PRESSING

In this case, the walls of the seeds are broken by crushing, flaking, rolling, cooking or pressing under high pressure to liberate the oil. This method is utilized to recover the major portion of the oil from many seeds with high oil content.